what is cccp used for in bacteria researchgate

This analysis revealed that A2AR blockade reduced the number of CCCP-induced microRNAs by ∼60%, but increased the number of CCCP-induced circular RNAs by ∼50%. Furthermore, we employed whole-transcriptome sequencing to explore ceRNA network changes associated with CCCP-induced retinal injury and its reversal by KW6002. We found that KW6002 treatment partially reversed CCCP-induced reduction in retinal thickness and retinal ganglia cell number by increasing mitochondrial content and reducing retinal ganglia cells apoptosis. Here, we studied the effects of the A2AR antagonist KW6002 on retinal injury induced by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP) and alterations in competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. In particular, we analyze the cellular modifications produced by the activation of two major pathways involving the signaling of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the transcription factor EB (TFEB), and discuss the contribution of these pathways to the integrated cellular stress response.īlockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) protects against neuronal damage caused by various brain insults including mitochondrial toxicity, but the precise neuroprotective mechanisms are unclear. We here review current mechanistic insights into the induction of mitophagy and autophagy by CCCP and FCCP. Sustained perturbation of ΔΨm, which is normally tightly controlled to ensure cell proliferation and survival, triggers various stress pathways as part of the cellular adaptive response, the main components of which are mitophagy and autophagy. CCCP and FCCP are now being increasingly used for investigating the mechanisms of autophagy by inducing mitochondrial degradation through the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The ring-substituted derivatives of carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone, CCCP and FCCP, are routinely used for the analysis of the mitochondrial function in living cells, tissues, and isolated mitochondrial preparations.

What is cccp used for in bacteria researchgate